Oncology deals with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancerous and non-cancerous tumours. It is a field that brings together expertise from many specialities: diagnostic imaging, genetics, pathological anatomy and therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Personalised medicine is playing an increasingly important role, enabling targeted therapies to be tailored to a patient’s individual genetic profile and the nature of the tumour.
These include lumps, swellings or other changes in the body whose origin cannot be clearly determined. A specialist will assess their nature and arrange for the appropriate diagnostic tests.
Although they are not life-threatening, benign tumours may require monitoring or treatment, particularly if they grow, cause symptoms or put pressure on surrounding tissues.
Malignant tumours, regardless of type, require an oncology consultation as soon as possible in order to establish and implement a treatment plan. The response time is crucial for effective treatment.
Histopathological examinations
Biopsy
Cytology
Endoscopy
Comprehensive cancer predisposition panel (73 genes)
Mammography
Tumour markers
Computed tomography
Ultrasound
A visit to an oncologist begins with a detailed medical history. The doctor asks about current symptoms, past illnesses, previous test results and any family history of cancer. They then analyse the latest imaging and laboratory results and, if necessary, order further diagnostic tests.
The first appointment with an oncologist usually lasts up to 30 minutes. This allows time to review your medical records in detail, take a medical history and discuss the next steps in your diagnosis or treatment. Follow-up appointments are shorter and last around 15–20 minutes, depending on the complexity of the case.
An oncology consultation is recommended if you experience symptoms such as: weight loss, chronic fatigue, bleeding of unknown origin, lumps or swellings under the skin, a persistent cough, ongoing pain or changes in moles. It is also advisable to see a specialist if you have concerning test results or a family history of cancer.
Most cancer treatments do not cause pain, although serious side effects such as weakness, nausea or loss of appetite may occur. In the case of surgical procedures, appropriate anaesthesia is administered, and the entire treatment process takes place under the constant supervision of specialists who ensure the patient’s comfort.
No, you don’t need a referral to see an oncologist — you can book an appointment directly, either through the National Health Fund (NFZ) or privately. Cancer requires urgent diagnosis and treatment, which is why the process for seeing a specialist has been simplified.
Before your appointment, gather all your previous medical records: results of imaging, histopathological and laboratory tests, as well as a list of the medicines you are taking. It is also a good idea to make a note of your symptoms and any questions you have for the doctor – this will ensure that your consultation is more comprehensive and effective.
Early detection of cancer offers a real chance of a complete cure. In advanced stages, modern treatments – including targeted therapy and immunotherapy – can significantly prolong life and improve its quality.
