Urology is a branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases of the urinary tract in both men and women, and of the male reproductive system. It covers conditions affecting the kidneys, the bladder, the urethra, the prostate gland, as well as the male reproductive organs – the testicles and the penis.
Various therapeutic methods are used in urology – ranging from drug therapy and surgical procedures to modern, minimally invasive techniques such as laparoscopic treatment.
These may include difficulty starting to urinate, blood in the urine, frequent or painful urination, problems with urinary incontinence, and a feeling that the bladder has not been completely emptied.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are bacterial infections that can affect the bladder, urethra or kidneys, leading to pain, a burning sensation and frequent trips to the toilet.
Chronic kidney failure, hydronephrosis or infections can lead to pain, swelling, changes in urine output and general weakness.
A condition in which hard mineral deposits form in the kidneys or bladder, which may cause severe pain, particularly when they move through the urinary tract.
They are most commonly associated with an enlarged prostate or prostatitis, which can cause difficulty in passing urine, pain in the lower abdomen, and erectile dysfunction.
They may be caused by urological problems, such as genitourinary infections, congenital abnormalities or obstruction of the spermatic ducts, which make it difficult to conceive a child.
These may include erectile dysfunction, pain, difficulty urinating, inflammation or anatomical abnormalities affecting the functioning of the penis.
It may be caused by infections, inflammation, injuries or other diseases of the genitourinary system.
These may include rashes, sores, changes in skin colour or itching, which are often signs of an infection, an allergy or other skin problems affecting this area.
Ultrasound scan of the urinary tract (kidneys, bladder)
Ultrasound scan of the reproductive system (penis, prostate, testicles and spermatic cord)
Ultrasound of the prostate – transabdominal or transrectal
Puncture and drainage of a testicular hydrocele
Removal of a foreskin cyst
Removal of a scrotal lipoma
Removal of genital warts
Laparoscopic or surgical treatment of varicoceles
Removal of the nucleus
Vasectomy
Foreskin or frenulum surgery
Circumcision
Penis enlargement using hyaluronic acid
A visit to the urologist begins with a discussion about your symptoms, any medication you are taking and your previous test results. The doctor then reviews your medical records and carries out a physical examination, which, depending on the problem, may include an assessment of the abdomen, kidneys, bladder, genitals or prostate. If necessary, the doctor will order further tests, and finally discuss the diagnosis and suggest a course of treatment.
The first urology appointment usually lasts 20 minutes and includes a detailed medical history, a discussion of your symptoms and a basic physical examination. If the appointment also includes an ultrasound scan, it may take up to 40 minutes. Follow-up appointments are usually shorter – lasting around 10–20 minutes – and focus mainly on discussing test results and the effects of treatment. However, the appointment may take longer if the doctor carries out additional diagnostic tests.
You should see a urologist if you experience symptoms such as: lower abdominal pain, difficulty passing urine, frequent urinary tract infections, changes in the appearance of your urine (e.g. the presence of blood), pain in the kidney area, erectile dysfunction or other worrying symptoms related to the genitourinary system.
Most urological procedures are carried out under anaesthesia – either local or general – which effectively reduces the sensation of pain. However, it is important to bear in mind that some procedures, particularly operations or invasive examinations, may cause temporary pain or discomfort once they are complete.
Yes. Urology deals not only with men, but also with women. Female patients may consult a urologist for conditions such as urinary incontinence, urinary tract infections, pain in the urinary tract area or bladder problems.
Many urological procedures – particularly those carried out on the prostate – can affect fertility. However, thanks to medical advances, modern treatment methods are becoming increasingly precise, and urologists use techniques that help minimise the risk of complications. Before a planned procedure, the doctor should inform the patient about the possible consequences and potential side effects.
Men should visit a urologist regularly, as the risk of prostate problems increases with age – particularly after the age of 50. Regular check-ups enable the early detection of conditions affecting the genitourinary system, including cancerous changes, which significantly improves the chances of successful treatment.
